THE INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE AND MULTI-VECTOR NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC REFLECTION IN COACHING

Gorbacheva A.M.¹, Stepanov V.N.²

Gorbacheva A.M.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinsky"«
e-mail: solo_82@inbox.ru

Stepanov V.N.

Private Institution "International Academy of Business and New Technologies (IAB&NT)"«
E-mail: stepanov@mubint.ru

Problematization

A source analysis and review of the literature on coaching allows us to capture a cross-section of academic interest in this phenomenon and identify established trends within which research and development are conducted. A comparative review of Russian and international sources on coaching is particularly relevant given the growing practical interest in coaching, as evidenced by statistical data [15], standardization processes in Russia [16; 18] and abroad [19; 20], and the presence of eleven coaching associations and eighty schools teaching coaching in the Russian Federation (data for May 2024).

The definition by E.M. Grant is used as a working definition: «Coaching is a solution-focused, results-oriented systemic process in which the coach facilitates the improvement of the client’s life experience and performance in various areas and promotes his/her self-learning and personal growth.”  (our translation. – Auth.) [5, p. 20].

The relevance and timeliness of the source analysis of academic literature on coaching are substantiated by reference to statistical data obtained from domestic and international databases. To plot a graph of scholarly interest in coaching in the Russian-speaking world by year, from 2001 to 2024, the primary sources were electronic databases [21; 22; 23]. The search was conducted using the "title, abstract, keywords" filter, and works focusing on coaching were included.

The growth of interest in the topic is clearly shown in the graph (see Fig. 1):

Figure 1. Schedule of publications of scientific papers on coaching for 2002-2023 (sources: e-library.ru and dissercat.com)

As the graph shows, up until 2006, the number of works on coaching was relatively low, which is explained, in part, by the fact that this phenomenon and the very concept of "coaching" were introduced to Russia only in 2002, based on professional interest in personal development. Subsequently, several dozen scientific studies per year, exploring coaching in one way or another, began to be published in the Russian-speaking world (from 2006 to 2012), and, starting in 2013, the number of articles on e-library reached over 100 studies per year. The graph does not allow us to categorize the studies by field or determine precisely whether coaching is the central subject or object of research or is merely mentioned in works.

In the English-language scientific community, according to the research of E.M. Grant in 2001 [5] and 2011 [6], the first mention of coaching occurs in 1938, in 1955-1959 there are already 10 citations, then in 1985 the number of citations increases to 16 and then steadily increases. The total number of articles and dissertations considered in this study is 634 units, the data sources were the psychological portals PsychInfo and PsychLit. Grant's research is supplemented and continued in the work of R. Koopman et al. [8], where the data sources were 8 journals, including several specialized journals on coaching [25; 26].

In the English- and German-speaking worlds, several meta-analyses [2; 7; 12; 13; 14] and annotated literature reviews [3; 4; 6; 8; 9; 10; 11] have been found. Similar meta-studies and systemic reviews of the literature on coaching have not been recorded in the Russian-speaking world.

Research methodology

This study aims to fill the gap in the systematization of scientific data on coaching in the Russian language. The object of the study was metric data on queries about coaching in information databases [17; 21; 22; 23; 26; 27], the subject of the study was the subject areas of scientific research on coaching in Russian-language and English-language scientific works, types and directions of coaching.

The aim of this study is to stratify and classify the subject areas of coaching research in Russian- and English-language scholarly works, as well as the types and directions of coaching. The methodological basis of the study was diachronic and comparative methods, statistical sampling, analogies, and content analysis. 

Study

An extended search query on the website of the Russian State Library [22], which included the word «coaching» only in the titles of works, yielded 205 titles of works, most of which were addressed to practicing coaches and those interested in coaching, and were written in popular science and journalistic styles. The collected corpus includes the works of domestic (Antonova N.V., Bashkirova T., Vagin I.O., Zaitseva V.V., Kazintseva L.V., Krol L., Manukhina N.M., Melia M., Ognev A.S., Pligin A.A., Popova N.Yu., Savkin A.D., Sizova N.A., Tselyutina T.V., Shekshnya S.V. et al.) and foreign (Atkinson M., Downey M., Gallwey T., Grant AM, Canio S., Katzenbach J. & Cmith D., Krechmar T & Hamburger A., J. Leary-Joyce, Labling M., Paling R., Sullivan J. & Rez J., Reynolds M., Star J., Whitmore J. et al.) researchers and practitioners of coaching.

A search of publications on coaching in various information databases yielded the following results:

1) in the scientific electronic library [21], as a result of a search query for the word «coaching» in a sample of 15,081 units with the filter «pedagogy», 12,359 materials were found, with the filter «economics» 12,324 materials, with the filter «psychology» 846 materials; the same materials can belong to different sections, the boundaries between sections are transparent;

2) on the English-language portal «Semantic Scholar» [27] in the «education» section 62,000 materials were received, «medicine» – 31,500, «psychology» – 27,900, «business» – 15,800, «sociology» – 10,900;

3) in the electronic library of dissertations [23] 321 dissertations were identified, 32 of which were doctoral dissertations; only in 7 publications the words «coach» or «coaching» were used in the title;

4) more than 2500 publications were found in the database of the Russian State Library [22]; using the filter «in title only», 7 dissertations were found (see point 3)); the publications are distributed among scientific fields as follows: economics - 83, theory and methodology of vocational education - 61, general pedagogy - 28, sociology of management - 22, social psychology - 19, general psychology - 8, economic theory - 7, social philosophy - 2, theory of physical education - 2, labor psychology - 2, other specialties - 23, linguistics, Russian language, applied linguistics - 0;

5) 8604 publications were found on the English-language dissertations portal [17], of which 1478 were dissertations (PhD); by field, publications in English were distributed as follows: business and management – 443, education and pedagogy – 365, psychology – 65, medicine and health research – 134, linguistics – 7.

Within the collected corpus of texts, publications were divided into subject areas and scientific fields: education and pedagogy, business and management, psychology, and linguistics.

In Russian-language publications on education and pedagogy, the following perspectives on coaching research can be roughly identified:

1) coaching in the paradigm of the concept of continuous joint development with an emphasis on the dialogic nature of the process (Izmagurova V.L.); 2) the use of the coaching approach in pedagogy (Kirillova A.I.); 3) coaching as a tool for implementing the axiological approach in education (Kurenkova E.V.); 4) coaching as an innovative approach to improving students' communication skills (Melnichenko S.G., Tepljakovskaya A.N.); 5) pedagogical coaching in the system of supporting personal self-development of future teachers (Baykova O.A., Suchkova L.A.); 6) coaching as a form of mutual training of teachers, vocal coaching for student musicians (Bao N., Yakovleva E.N.); 7) coaching and mentoring in education (Adelbaeva N., Gabdrakhmanova Sh., Podgorska-Yanczyk D.); 8) coaching in the army environment (Iskakov E. M.); 9) coaching to expand the professional functionality of an accompanist (Yablonskaya V. S.); 10) coaching as a form of mutual training of teachers (Makarova E. P.).

In Russian-language dissertations and teaching aids on coaching within the reviewed corpus of publications, the following topics can be identified: 1) the development of students' social initiative by means of coaching technology (Shabanov A.G.); 2) the study of foreign languages (Kuprina T.V.); 3) coaching in the work of a teacher (Evdokimova E.G., Korchagina O.V.), etc.

In English-language publications in the field of education and pedagogy, the focus of research is distributed somewhat differently: 1) instructor coaching in the educational system and analysis of coaching conversations in the instructor approach (Haneda MA, Hunt C., Heineke S., Robertson DA, Sherman B., Teemant A.); 2) the consequences of self-assessment of VET teachers' competencies (Diggelen MR); 3) the relationship between the effectiveness, practice and results of instructor coaching (Mc Crairie M.); 4) the coaching method as an epistemological tool (Hall E. Lofthouse R.); 5) the role of coaching to improve the effectiveness of scientific research in higher education (Geber H.); 6) content-oriented coaching practices to support teacher learning (Cobb P., Gibbons L.); 7) neurolinguistic coaching in learning foreign languages (Paling R.); 8) The Impact of Cognitive Coaching on Teacher Performance (Parker S.); 9) Case Studies of Teacher Coaching (Denessen E., Winman S.); 10) Dialogue and Identity in Teacher Professional Development (Crafton L., Keiser E.); 11) Cognitive Coaching in School (Costa AL, Garmston LJ); 12) Ways to Balance Non-Directive and Directive Coach-Teacher Relationships (Ippolito J.); 13) Knowledge Transfer and the Role of Coaching in This Process (Joyce B., Showers B.); 14) Anti-Racist Coaching and Pedagogy in the K-12 System (Laird S.); 15) Instructor Coaching and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Fougere DME); 16) Behavioral Coaching for Teachers (Swanson M.); 17) the impact of a coaching leadership program on the level of teacher engagement (Shutler ZE); 18) a systematic review of the pedagogical literature on coaching (254 academic papers from 1984-2009) (Cornette J., Knight J.).

The Russian-language corpus of publications in the subject area of business and management presents the following range of topics: 1) personal and professional development of executives, managers, organizations, formation of competence systems (Kokovina A.F., Mashnitskaya G.V., Sycheva E.V. et al.); 2) increasing self-awareness and emotional competence of employees (Sukhinin M.S. et al.); 3) integration of coaching into professional reality (Rozhkova A.V. et al.); 4) labor productivity and coaching (Denisova I.V., Krotenko T.Yu.); 5) coaching as a method of non-directive management in government organizations (Kostyuk I.V.); 6) coaching as a tool for development of young specialists in an organization (Amirova L.A., Trushakova N.Yu.); 7) the role of coaching in improving non-material motivation of employees (Buralkieva B.B., Dyrka S.).

The authors of Russian-language dissertations and books on coaching in business considered the following topics: 1) coaching as a method of company management (Ashurbekov R.A.); 2) coaching in the development of management personnel (Simonova L.N., Yastreb O.V.); 3) the formation of work motivation (Turkulets N.A.) and emotional competence (Nenashev D.V., Li Linsong); 4) coaching technology as a way to ensure competitiveness (Vylegzhanina A.O.); 5) the formation of mechanisms for managing the social adaptation of the population to changes in the labor market (Kapitsa S.I.); 6) the organization of internal control systems in the context of management consulting (Rastamkhanova L.N.), etc.

English-language publications are devoted to 1) coaching of executives and leaders (Boyce A. et al, Flaherty SMB, Graf E.-M., Kilburg R., Michael AD, Mosteo LP, Simpson J., Travis M., Vans Ch.M.); 2) coaching models in business (Black HT, Crompton B., Michael BS); 3) coaching in the workplace (Fournies, Hannah C., Hudson F.); 4) development of team coaching approaches (Clutterbuck D., Hogg M.); 5) the contribution of business coaching to the development of small and medium entrepreneurship (Crompton B.); 6) development of the critical incident methodology and the coaching model based on it (Marshall M.); 7) comparison of the results of training and coaching in organizations, development of coaching programs (Baban A., David OA, Nona C., Ratiu L.); 8) meta-analysis of values in executive coaching (Talati DBZ & Burt D.); 9) coaching and spiritual values at work (Griffits A.); 10) the relationship between coaching in organizations and psychology (Bashkirova T., Cox E.); 11) measurability of coaching (Laske O., Lawrence P, Whyte A.).

Russian-language publications on the psychology of coaching are devoted to 1) the essential connections between psychology and coaching, 2) psychological and psychotherapeutic tools and theoretical models in coaching (Antonova N.V., Bashkirova T., Bobrova A.A., Vinogradova E.L., Ezhikov A., Esaulov V.I., Kovpak D., Maricheva M.A., Shibashova O.S.); 3) the prospects for the development of coaching from the point of view of psychology and psychoanalysis (Rossokhin A.V., Ulanovsky A.M.); 4) increasing self-efficacy of an individual with the help of training and coaching (Gordienko G.S.); 5) measuring the effectiveness of coaching (Antonova N.V.).

English-language publications on psychology consider 1) psychological directions of coaching (Bachkirova T., Clutterbuck D., Cox E.); 2) theoretical psychological models of coaching - cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, positive-humanistic, etc. (Bachkirova T., Dryden W., Glocestershire L., Grant AM, Green LS, Karsa D., Laske O., Le Blanc BD, Linder-Pelz S., Lawrence P., Neenan M., Palmer S., Pavlock K., Peel D., Pinkavova E., Spada MM, Theboom T., Worgan T.); 3) the concept of "psychology of coaching" (Anjos MH, Carvalho M., Grant AM, Matos MG, Palmer S., Passmore J., Whybrow A.); 4) psychological aspects and technologies in coaching practice (Butler G., Hope T., Moen F., Topp EM); 5) coaching in sports psychology (Gallwey T., Whitmore); 6) the influence of coaching on human beliefs and behavior (Longhurst L., Curtis DF, Kelly LL); 7) the relationship between coaching and flow (Csikszentmihalyi M., Wesson KJ), etc.

The goal of linguistic research on coaching is «designated in three directions: (a) to define coaching as a separate helping professional interaction, (b) to justify the necessity and relevance of a linguistic approach, (c) to distinguish the linguistic approach from other approaches to the study of coaching» (our translation. – Auth.) [4]. From a linguistic point of view, coaching is defined as «a co-created communicative event, that is, a professional helping meeting that takes place «here and now», through and with the help of successive speech actions of the coach and the client» (our translation. – Auth.) [4].

The place of the linguistic approach in coaching in the general field of coaching research is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The place of linguistic research in coaching [4].

In Russian science today there are no special scientific works devoted to the linguistic aspects of coaching.

In a review of linguistic literature on coaching in the English- and German-speaking world [4], the author provides the following research statistics: 46 materials over 24 years (from 2000 to 2024), with the majority of works written by the author himself, solo and in collaboration.

The authors of linguistic studies of coaching abroad consider the following topics: 1) coaching as a dialogue (Armstrong H., de Haan E., Konat B. & Juszczyk A., Lynden J. & Avery R., Stalinski Sh.); 2) discursive practices and coaching discourse (Arielle B., Graf E.-M., Haneda MA, Heineke S., Hunt C., Rettinger S., Sator M., Sherman B., Shultz F., Spranz-Fogasy T., Teemant A., Wall McL H.); 3) pragma- and sociolinguistic aspects of speech behavior of participants in coaching conversations (Behn-Taran A., Graf EM); 4) speech strategies and tactics in coaching conversations (Arielle B., Bock K., Fleischhacker M., Ford-Connors E., Frahm T., Muntigl P., Paratore JR, Robertson DA, Wood C.); 5) linguistic models of coaching conversations: (Graf EM, Theeboom T.) 6) a systematic review of the linguistic literature on coaching for 2000-2024 (Graf EM [4]).

Among the Russian-language publications, an article was found (authored by: Asadullaeva A.V., Rykunova I.V. [1]), which examines the concept of "coaching" in the Russian and English-speaking worlds. No dissertations were found devoted to the study of the linguistic aspects of coaching or the speech characteristics of coaching conversations.

Conclusions

Between 1980 and 2024, a steady growth in scientific research on coaching was observed in foreign and domestic academic literature, leading to an expansion of the subject areas of research.

The international literature on coaching is richer in subject matter than the domestic tradition and focuses on more specialized research topics (RCT studies, systematic literature reviews, meta-analysis). The domestic literature on coaching is only just beginning to explore coaching as an independent research topic; the majority of the publications reviewed are applied journal articles based on practical case studies. Russian-language dissertations on coaching are few and far between, and no scholarly monographs were found.

There are several specialized scientific journals on coaching operating in this subject area abroad and several journals in Russia that do not have scientific status.

Research is conducted in such subject areas as pedagogy and education, management and business, psychology, medicine, philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, and linguistics. Currently, there are no specific scientific works in Russian academia devoted to the linguistic aspects of coaching.

Currently, more than 20 coaching trends and models have been developed, most of which borrow from psychological or business models.

Linguistic research into coaching is actively developing abroad, while in Russian science, linguists' attention to coaching is considered a promising area.

Literature

1. Asadullaeva A.V., Rykunova I.Yu. Conceptual characteristics of the concept "Coaching" in English and Russian linguistic cultures // Comparative studies. Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: Publishing house OOO "RITM", Issue 21, 2024 – Pp. 99-102.
2. Burt D., Talati Z. The unsolved value of executive coaching: A meta-analysis of outcomes using randomized control trial studies.International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 15(2). 2017. – r. 17–24.
3. De Meuse KP, Dai G., Lee RJ. Evaluating the effectiveness of executive coaching: beyond ROI. Coaching, 2(2), 2009. – p. 117–134.
4. Count E. New ways of investigating coaching: linguistic research on executive, business and workplace coaching–a systematic scoping review // Coaching: an International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 2024, Vol. 17, No. 1, – r. 90–118.
5. Grant AM. Towards the Psychology of Coaching. Sydney, 2001. 338 p.
6. Grant AM. Workplace, Executive and Life Coaching: An Annotated Bibliography from the Behavioral Science and Business Literature, 2011. – 167 p.
7. Jones RJ, Woods SA, Guillaume YRF. The effectiveness of workplace coaching: a meta-analysis of learning and performance outcomes from coaching. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2015.
8. Koopman R. et al. The Chronological Development of Coaching and Mentoring: Side by Side Disciplines // International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring. Vol. 19 (1), 2021. – 137-151.
9. Lavend E., Kauffman C. Executive Coaching: An Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses. Institute of Coaching, McLean Hospital | Harvard Medical School. October 2011.
10. Lawrence P. Managerial coaching - a literature review. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, Vol. 15, No. 2, Aug 2017. 43
11. Newnham-Kanas C. Annotated Bibliography of Life Coaching and Health Research // International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 7, No.1, February 2009. – p. 39-104.
12. Sonesh SC, Coultas, CW, Lacerenza, CN, Marlow, SL, Benishek, LE, Salas, E. The poet of coaching: a meta-analytic investigation. Coaching, 8(2), 2015. – p.73–95.
13. Theeboom T., Beersma B., van Vianen A.E.M. Does coaching work? A meta-analysis on the effects of coaching on individual level outcomes in an organizational context. The Journal of positive Psychology, 9(1), 2014. – 1–18.
14. Wang, Q., Lai YL, Xu X., McDowall A. The effectiveness of workplace coaching: a meta-analysis of contemporary psychologically informed coaching approaches // Journal of Work-Applied Management. ISSN: 2205-2062. Open Access.Article publication date: 21 June 2021. Issue publication date: 5 April 2022.

 

Electronic resources

15. Gabrakhimov A. The Coaching Industry: 2023 Statistics [Electronic resource] // 2MEETUP. URL: https://2meetup.in/ru/blog/coach-2023/  06.2023.
16. Description of coach qualifications: page // Council for professional qualifications in human resources management: website [Electronic resource]. URL: http://sovethr.ru/proekty-kvalifikacij-2/ 2023.
17. Open Access Theses and Dissertations [Electronic resource]. URL: https://oatd.org
18. Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia No. 197n. On approval of the professional standard "Consultant in the field of human resources management" [Electronic resource]. – April 4, 2022. — URL: https://mintrud.gov.ru/docs/mintrud/orders/2331
19. EMCC Global [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.emccglobal.org/
20. ICF International Coaching Federation [Electronic resource]/ URL: https://coachingfederation.org/
21. Scientific Electronic Library [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/
22. Russian State Library [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.rsl.ru/
23. Electronic library of dissertations [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.dissercat.com/
24. Coaching: an International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcoa20/current.
25. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring [Electronic resource]. URL: https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/institutions.do
26. Google Scholar: website. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://scholar.google.ru/
27. Semantic scholar: website. [Electronic resource]. URL: semanticscholar.org.

References

1. Asadullaeva AV, Rykunova IU. Understanding the characteristics of the concept “Coaching” in English and Russian linguocultures // Comparative studies. Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: Publishing House OOO “RITM”, Issue 21, 2024 – pp. 99-102.
2. Burt D., Talati Z. The unsolved value of executive coaching: A meta-analysis of outcomes using randomized control trial studies.International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 15(2). 2017. – r. 17–24.
3. De Meuse KP, Dai G., Lee RJ. Evaluating the effectiveness of executive coaching: beyond ROI. Coaching, 2(2), 2009. – p. 117–134.
4. Count E. New ways of investigating coaching: linguistic research on executive, business and workplace coaching–a systematic scoping review // Coaching: an International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 2024, Vol. 17, No. 1, – r. 90–118.
5. Grant AM. Towards the Psychology of Coaching. Sydney, 2001. 338 p.
6. Grant AM. Workplace, Executive and Life Coaching: An Annotated Bibliography from the Behavioral Science and Business Literature, 2011. – 167 p.
7. Jones RJ, Woods SA, Guillaume YRF. The effectiveness of workplace coaching: a meta-analysis of learning and performance outcomes from coaching. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2015.
8. Koopman R. et al. The Chronological Development of Coaching and Mentoring: Side by Side Disciplines // International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring. Vol. 19 (1), 2021. – 137-151.
9. Lavend E.; Kauffman C. Executive Coaching: An Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses. Institute of Coaching, McLean Hospital | Harvard Medical School. October 2011.
10. Lawrence P. Managerial coaching - a literature review. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, Vol. 15, No. 2, Aug 2017. 43
11. Newnham-Kanas C. Annotated Bibliography of Life Coaching and Health Research // International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 7, No.1, February 2009. – p. 39-104.
12. Sonesh SC, Coultas, CW, Lacerenza, CN, Marlow, SL, Benishek, LE, Salas, E. The poet of coaching: a meta-analytic investigation. Coaching, 8(2), 2015. – p.73–95.
13. Theeboom T., Beersma B., van Vianen A E.M. Does coaching work? A meta-analysis on the effects of coaching on individual level outcomes in an organizational context. The Journal of positive Psychology, 9(1), 2014. – 1–18.
14. Wang, Q., Lai YL, Xu X., McDowall A. The effectiveness of workplace coaching: a meta-analysis of contemporary psychologically informed coaching approaches // Journal of Work-Applied Management. ISSN: 2205-2062. Open Access.Article publication date: 21 June 2021. Issue publication date: 5 April 2022.

Digital Resources

15. A. Industry coaching. Statistika 2023 [Electronic Resource] // 2MEETUP. URL: https://2meetup.in/ru/blog/coach-2023/ 14.06.2023.
16. Coach Qualification Descriptions: web-page // Advice on Professional Qualifications in the Field of Personal Management: website [Electronic Resource]. URL: http://sovethr.ru/proekty-kvalifikacij-2/ 2023.
17. Open Access Theses and Dissertations [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://oatd.org
18. Order of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation No. 197n. On approval of the professional standard "Consultant in the field of personnel management" [Electronic Resource]. – April 4, 2022. – URL: https://mintrud.gov.ru/docs/mintrud/orders/2331
19. EMCC Global [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.emccglobal.org/
20. ICF International Coaching Federation [Electronic Resource]/ URL: https://coachingfederation.org/
21. Scientific Electronic Library [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/
22. Russian State Library [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.rsl.ru/
23. Electronic Dissertation Library [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.dissercat.com/
24. Coaching: an International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcoa20/current.
25. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/institutions.do
26. Google Academy: website. [Electronic Resource] URL: https://scholar.google.ru/
27. Semantic scholar: website. [Electronic Resource] URL: semanticscholar.org.