The role of language communication in crisis resolution

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION IN CRISIS RESOLUTION

Annotation. This article examines the role of linguistic communication in resolving various conflicts and crises. The author emphasizes that verbal communication is an important communication channel used by negotiation participants to reduce confrontation, manage crises, and resolve conflicts. The article also describes the role of developing a shared code among negotiation participants. Based on her research, the author concludes that understanding the evaluative component in a communicative message sent to the recipient is essential. Furthermore, the article examines the role of the basic needs and values of participants in linguistic communication in resolving various crises and conflicts. Based on her research, the author concludes that knowledge of the basic needs and values of both the sender and the recipient of information helps reduce various complications during negotiations, including those aimed at resolving crises and conflicts. The study used such methods as the method of identifying dialogic markers, contextual-situational analysis, discourse analysis, and component analysis.

Keywords: addressee, addresser, intention, communicative act, negotiations, verbal communication, language, evaluativeness.

E. Knyazheva

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION IN CRISIS RESOLUTION

Abstract. The article examines the role of language communication in a resolution of various conflicts and crises. The author of the article emphasizes the point of view that the verbal communicative act is an important communication channel that is used by participants during the act of negotiation in order to reduce confrontation, manage the crisis and resolve the conflict. The article also describes the role of the development of shared code by participants in the negotiation process. On the basis of the research conducted, the author of the article comes to the conclusion about the importance of understanding the evaluative component in the communicative message sent to the recipient. In addition, the article also examines the role of the basic needs and value systems of participants in language communication in a resolution of various crises and conflicts. Based on the research, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the knowledge of the basic needs and value systems of both the addressant and the recipient of information, helps to reduce various complications during negotiations, including those aimed at resolving crises and conflicts. Different evaluation methods are used in the study, for instance, method for identifying markers of dialogicity, contextual situational analysis, discourse analysis, and component analysis.

Keywords: addressee, addressant, intention, communicative act, negotiations, verbal communication, language, evaluativity.

Fruitful international cooperation requires consideration of a wide range of diverse aspects. This includes, for example, the resolution and settlement of various disputes, including armed conflicts, as well as the prevention and counteraction of violent confrontations. Without delving into detailed explanations, we will simply note that modern Western theories, united by the causes of conflict, are associated with interpretive, culturally based motivations or attempts to initiate armed conflicts (wars).

Let's name some of the Western theories on the causes of armed conflicts. These include, first and foremost, psychological, demographic, psychoanalytic, sabotage, economic, evolutionary, and other theories of war. We will also highlight theories of war based on neorealism and rationalism in international relations.

In focusing on the idea of strategic deterrence, the basic document for us is the «Strategy The National Security Policy of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2021 (No. 400), emphasizes that "only a harmonious combination of a strong state and human well-being will ensure the formation of a just society and the prosperity of Russia. This requires coordinated action to implement the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation, aimed at neutralizing external and internal threats and creating conditions for achieving national development goals."» [7].

In the Strategy National Security of the Russian Federation" also notes that "d"The achievement of the country's defense goals is carried out within the framework of the implementation of military policy through strategic deterrence and the prevention of military conflicts" [ibid.]. In this context, the "Strategy" emphasizes the importance of using various measures, including "the development and implementation of interconnected political, military, military-technical, diplomatic, economic, informational, and other measures aimed at preventing the use of military force against Russia and protecting its sovereignty and territorial integrity.".

The role of language policy and linguistic security in ensuring national security cannot be overstated. Currently, we are witnessing a clear increase in the burden on linguistic communication. This can be explained by the fact that, among the wide variety of actions undertaken to ensure national security, such forms of international interaction as dialogue between conflicting parties, negotiations, agreements, and other forms of communication play a significant role.

It should be noted that in linguistic works, many researchers emphasize the essential fact that language expresses our life goals and desires. In this regard, we cite the viewpoint of T.G. Popova [5, p. 37] that language is "a means of human communication, which represents a system of signs of a special nature, serving as the primary instrument for expressing thoughts and communicating with each other." Indeed, "language turns out to be the highest level at which information received through various channels is processed together, understood, categorized, and classified" [ibid., p. 13].

The opinion of T.G. Popova is echoed by the conclusions of I.M. Kuvakova, S.V. Ustinkin [6, pp. 173-182; 23, pp. 111-126] and E.P. Savritskaya [18, pp. 103-110]. In their joint work, E.P. Savritskaya and S.V. Ustinkin [18, p. 106] come to the logical conclusion that «thanks to language, the transition of socially significant meanings into the individual consciousness of the individual occurs, social meanings are consolidated in the structure of behavioral motivation, and historical memory is preserved.».

It should be noted that linguistic communication is an important channel of communication that can and should be used to reduce the intensity of various crises and conflict situations, as well as the danger of a transition to military action using modern weapons.

When conducting negotiations aimed at reducing confrontation, it is essential to employ effective and successful communication techniques. In this regard, the work of scientists cannot be overstated. Many Russian and international researchers are studying verbal communication.

When analyzing problems related to effective communication methods in the broadest sense, researchers draw on data from a wide variety of knowledge paradigms. These include, first and foremost, fields of human endeavor such as psychology, sociology, cognitive science, cultural studies, biology, as well as linguistics and its branches such as neurolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, political linguistics, and so on.

Research areas may involve a wide variety of approaches. Among these, psychological, gender, cultural, cognitive, historical, semantic, and semasiological approaches are particularly noteworthy.

Problems of speech production and perception, strategies and techniques of successful and effective communication are studied by many researchers in the field of communication theory, psychology, intercultural communication, sociology, cognitive science, neurolinguistics, philosophy and other fields of knowledge. Here, first of all, we note such scientists as J. Bryant [1]; A.A. Leontiev [2]; S.V. Myskin [7-12], G.G. Pocheptsov [14]; T.G. Popova [27-29]; E.F. Tarasov [19-22], Dijk TA van., Kintsch W. [24]; MAK Halliday [26]; E. Goffman [25] and other researchers who analyze different aspects of the communication process and the result of this activity. These include, for example, issues such as problems of the effectiveness of a communicative act, reasons for failure, the results of influence on the communicant, issues of psychological safety in the communication process, as well as techniques of manipulative speech influence.

It should be especially noted that "the essence and structure of speech understanding remain largely mysterious and constitute one of the eternal problems of human science. At the same time, numerous studies by psychologists, hermeneutics, and psycholinguists provide sufficient material for constructing comprehensive, reliable, although not exhaustive, models of the semantic perception of utterances [5, pp. 49-50].

An important condition for successful communication in speech and language is the transparency of the referential situation, which refers to the condition that the addresser must clearly understand the referential event. When this condition is met, the addresser has the opportunity to coordinate their message based on the addressee's readiness to decode the encoded information, forming the desired message. Therefore, we can conclude that implicit message substitution occurs in verbal communication.

In this regard, we will cite as an example an excerpt from the speech of S.V. Lavrov from «I believe the goal of the sanctions is much more strategic than just Ukraine» – «"I believe the purpose of the sanctions is much more strategic than just Ukraine."» [30], where the Russian Foreign Minister, introducing his speech, makes a reference to current events. Thus, he sets the desired tone and prepares the listener for the upcoming speech. 

A.I. Novikov [13, p. 110], while studying the semantics of a text and its formalization, comes to the following conclusion: "the semantic complex that arises in the author's thinking in accordance with the intent, goals, and conditions of communication and, accordingly, is understood by the addressee as a result of decoding the linguistic expressions by means of which it was specified in the text." This semantic complex, accordingly, consists of a set of denotates reflecting the hierarchy of a wide variety of topics and subtopics. We emphasize that in thinking, the semantic complex represents "a single, integral formation, since it is based on a system of subject relationships formed in the human intellect through his previous experience, and new relationships specified by the text" [ibid.].

In the following message by S.V. Lavrov we observe an extended semantic complex based on the conditions of the message: «The latest sanctions wave was really unprecedented and, as President Putin sighed, we are now champions in the number of sanctions introduced against the Russian Federation – more than 5,000 individual acts, almost twice as many as were introduced against Iran and North Korea. But sanctions, or all of this, made us stronger» – «In fact, the latest wave of sanctions is unprecedented and, as President Putin reminded, we are now champions in the number of sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation – just over five thousand individual acts, which is almost twice as many as before.” imposed against Iran and North Korea. However, the sanctions, or rather, all of this, made us stronger.".

Among the various existing systems of views and schools of thought in communication theory, the mechanistic and activity-based approaches stand out, each with its own specific characteristics. The activity-based approach is based on the joint activity of both participants in the communicative act, both the sender and the recipient of the informational message. Their unifying principle stems from the fact that the goal of both sender and recipient is to form a unified viewpoint on the current event and, accordingly, to create a unified opinion on it. The mechanistic approach, however, is based on the researcher's understanding of the process of sending information and the process of encoding as dominant.

Thus, when discussing the research areas of speech production and speech perception, we must also highlight the functions performed by communication. These include evaluative, cognitive, metalinguistic, emotive, informational, phatic, manipulative, referential, representative (also known as the message function), poetic, and appellative (also known as the address function). Furthermore, we should also note the affective function.

A necessary condition for an effective communicative act in negotiations is the condition of transparency of reference, as emphasized in his work by Michael Halliday [26, p. 11]. The researcher of speech mechanisms comes to the logical conclusion about the existence of such levels of interpersonal macrofunctions as the interpersonal, ideational, and textual levels.

Let us cite as a demonstrative example the speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation S.V. Lavrov [30], where an extremely clear reference is given: «So, coming back to sanctions: sanctions we will survive. The measures which the president and the government are developing, elaborating, are being announced. This is only the beginning of our economy getting adjusted to the new situation. After 2014, as I started to say, we did gain experience to rely upon ourselves. And the biggest lesson from this particular historical period is, unlike what we saw after 2014, that now, if there was any illusion that we can one day rely on our Western partners, this illusion is no longer there. We will have to rely only on ourselves and on our allies who would stay with us. This is the main conclusion for Russia in the context of geopolitics»"So, returning to sanctions: measures are being announced that the President and the government are developing and carefully elaborating. This process represents the beginning of our economy's adaptation to the new situation. After 2014, as I already said, we truly gained the experience to rely on ourselves. And the lesson from this particular historical period is that, unlike what we saw after 2014, now, if there was any illusion that we could rely on our Western partners, we no longer have that illusion. We will have to rely only on ourselves and our allies, who will remain with us. This is the main conclusion for Russia in the geopolitical context.". As we can see, this speech text is composed at the levels of ideational, interpersonal, and textual macrofunctions.

For effective communication, it is important for the addressee and sender to develop a common unifying code (shared code). In this case, the addresser better perceives the message sent to him by the addressee [see, for example, 3, pp. 609-613; 4, pp. 189-192; 29, 5, pp. 26-32]. Thus, the speech of the participants in the negotiation process represents a communicative interaction. The recipient's task is to adequately decode the communicative message encoded by the sender based on his own worldview, extralinguistic knowledge, life experience, as well as his basic values and attitudes.

It is important to emphasize that we distinguish between life's baggage of knowledge and communicative experience. This can be explained by the fact that life's schooling "is broader than communicative experience and represents a practical, sensory-empirical cognition of objective reality" [5, p. 72]. Thus, our life's baggage includes a unity of knowledge, abilities, and skills in all areas of our life activity" [ibid., p. 73], including the communicative sphere.

A prerequisite for successful negotiations is preliminary research into the potential, goals, and interests of the negotiating parties, their core values, and their ultimate needs. In other words, maximum information about the partners' value perceptions is essential.

Thus, we emphasize the importance of the axiological (value) component in the message sent to the recipient. Knowledge of the value orientations and basic needs of negotiation partners can help reduce the tension caused by the "us"/"them" dichotomy that complicates any communication, as T.G. Popova and Yu.S. Bokova [16, p. 75] discuss in their work, identifying and analyzing the phenomenon of "value-semantic addressing.".

Another important point, in our view, is the fact that communicative messages are based on modality. Indeed, for effective communication, it is essential to establish a positive modality. In this regard, it seems important to note that persuasiveness plays a role in expressing the intentions of the participants in the communicative act and the evaluative judgment of both the addressee and the sender. We should clarify that we use the term "communicative presupposition" to express the extralinguistic knowledge possessed by the participants in the negotiation process.

Thus, based on this fact, it should be understood that in order to formulate a communicative message, the sender of a speech utterance, in order to achieve a pragmatic result, uses a wide variety of linguistic (including pictorial and expressive) means in his speech.

For example, to express a positive intention during negotiations, the sender of a communicative message prefers to use such adjectives that enhance a positive attitude as: good, wonderful, nice, remarkable, successful, unbelievable, delightful, attractive, intelligent, perfect, as well as a whole host of other adjectives with positive connotations. This is because, for successful communication in the negotiation process, it is important to use techniques that express positive intent.

In this case, it is necessary to rely on subjective modality, or, in other words, on what the participants in the communicative act themselves perceive as the degree of their understanding of the various unifying connections. This approach demonstrates another important circumstance for the communicative act: the addressee's message already contains a dominant pragmatic goal of dialogue or polylogue.

That dialogic communication is both an existential and a philosophical category is discussed in the work of M.M. Bakhtin [1, p. 328], where he notes that «life is dialogic by nature. To live means to participate in dialogue: to question, to listen, to respond, to agree, and so on and so forth. In this dialogue, a person participates entirely and with his whole life: with his eyes, lips, hands, soul, spirit, his whole body, and actions. He puts his whole self into the word, and this word enters into the dialogic fabric of human life» [ibid., p. 329].

When conducting negotiations aimed at resolving crises, an important condition is the willingness of the participants in the communicative act to listen to each other, as well as the transparency of reference. Based on the pragmatic goal of fostering a positive attitude toward the intended message being sent, the negotiator, as the sender of information, often uses words in linguistic communication that are intended to express confidence in the information sent by the addressee to the recipient.

In cases where the negotiation process reaches a dead end or there is a danger that a conflict situation may arise, the participants in the communicative act, in order to soften the situation and the environment, in general, use words and clichés that, on the contrary, are aimed at imparting regret and doubt to the statement.

Furthermore, if conflict arises during the negotiation process, the interested party can use a technique called "repetition/redirection" to defuse the situation. This adds the necessary modality to the communicative message, as well as increases the recipient's expressiveness.

In the negotiation process, the following hierarchy of words is used in the speech of communicants to establish statements: perhaps – for sure: perhaps, May be, probably, very probably, almost certainly, certainly, for sure. This hierarchy reflects the degree of confidence of the parties in the issue under discussion.

It's also worth noting that, when conducting negotiations, a positive approach is the use of evaluative verbal messages, the semantics of which are based on the process of metaphorization at all levels. This tactic, aimed at effective and successful communication, helps create a positive attitude among the parties.

Thus, success in any negotiation process, including those aimed at resolving crises and conflicts, is largely determined by an initial, serious study of the fundamental attitudes and values of those participants in the communicative act with whom the issues on the agenda will be discussed. Furthermore, the modal attitudes of those involved in the discourse must also be taken into account.

Literature

1. Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of Verbal Creativity. Moscow: Art, 1979. 424 p.
2. Bryant J., Thompson S. Fundamentals of Media Impact // Translated from English by V.V. Kuleba, Ya.A. Lebedenko. Moscow: Williams, 2004. 425 p.
3. Knyazeva E.G. Speech unit and communicative anticipation // Language as a systemic reality in the socio-cultural and communicative dimensions: Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific Conference on Actual Problems of the Theory of Language and Communication (Moscow, June 27, 2014). Moscow: ID "International Relations", 2014. Pp. 609-613.
4. Knyazeva E.G. Expression of subjective modality in the communicant’s speech // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. Vol. 23. No. 4. 2017. P. 189-192.
5. Knyazeva E.G. The structural world of speech communication. Moscow, 1999. 186 p.
6. Kuvakova I.М., Ustinkin S.IN. Language as an institution and instrument of mental and self-construction of the future world // Vlast. 2018. Vol. 26. No. 7. Pp. 173-182.
7. Leontiev A.A. Psycholinguistic units and the generation of speech utterances / A.A. Leontiev. Stereotype Publishing House. Moscow: KRASAND, 2014. 316 p.

8. Myskin S.V. The problem of the «image of the author» in professional texts // Questions of psycholinguistics. Moscow: NOU VPO MIL, 2015. No. 23. P. 20-32.
9. Myskin S.V. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the theory of linguistic professional personality // Bulletin of RUDN: Language Theory. Semiotics. Semantics. Moscow: RUDN, 2015. No. 1. P. 62-75.
10. Myskin S.V. Prospects for the Development of Organizational Psycholinguistics // Life of Language in Culture and Society-5. Conference Proceedings. Moscow, 2015 / Editorial Board: E.F. Tarasov (responsible editor), N.V. Ufimtseva, V.P. Sinyachkin, et al., Moscow: Chancellor Publishing House, 2015. pp. 61-64.
11. Myskin S.V., Ovcharenko L.Yu. Methodological substantiation of the model of psychologically safe educational space // Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: Cognition, Moscow: Scientific technologies, 2017. No. 3-4. P. 40-47.
12. Myskin S.V., Kharlamova S.G. Specifics of the organization of career guidance and professional adaptation of individuals with severe psychophysical disabilities in the context of an educational organization // Psychology. Historical and critical reviews and modern research. Moscow region, Noginsk: Publishing house "Analytics Rodis", 2017. Vol. 6. No. 3A. Pp. 15-26.
13. Novikov A.I. Semantics of text and its formalization. Moscow: Nauka, 1983. 216 p.
14. Pocheptsov G.G. Theory of communication / G.G. Pocheptsov. M.: Refl-book: Wakler, 2001. 651 p.
15. Popova T.G. National-cultural semantics of language and cognitive-sociocommunicative aspects (based on English, German and Russian languages): Monograph: Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow State Regional University. Moscow, 2003. 178 p.
16. Popova T.G., Bokova Yu.S. The category of "value" as an essential characteristic of language. Bulletin of South Ural State University. Series: Linguistics, 2012. No. 2 (261). P. 72-82.
17. National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021, No. 400. [Electronic resource] // Official Internet portal of legal information http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/ [Strategy national security Russian Federation.Utverzhdena Ukazom Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii from July 2, 2021. No. 400. (National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Approved with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 2 July 2021 No. 400. Retrieved from http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/ (In Russian)].
18. Savrutskaya E.P., Ustinkin S.V. Language in the Preservation of Historical Memory // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after N.A. Dobrolyubov. Special issue. Nizhny Novgorod: NGLU, 2020. Pp. 103-110.
19. Tarasov E.F. Problems of the theory of speech communication // Questions of psycholinguistics, 2010. No. 2(12). P. 20-26.
20. Tarasov E.F. Universal human values and their place in language teaching // Ethnopedagogical heritage of the peoples of Siberia and Central Asia in the modern socio-cultural space (IV Volkov Readings): Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation (Ulan-Ude. June 23-26, 2011) / scientific editor S. V. Kalmykov. Ulan-Ude, 2011. 290 p.
21. Tarasov E.F. The problem of analyzing the content of universal human values (project) // Questions of psycholinguistics. No. 1(15). M., 2012. P. 9-17.
22. Tarasov E.F. Activity-based ontology and epistemology of understanding in speech communication // Understanding in communication Man in the information space: collection of scientific papers. Yaroslavl-Moscow: Publishing house of Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University. 2012. Vol. 2. Pp. 273-278.

23. Ustinkin S.V.,Kuvakova I.M. Linguistic Security of Russia and DAS – Remote Alternative Services in Education // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after N.A. Dobrolyubov. Special issue. Nizhny Novgorod: NGLU, 2020. Pp. 111-126.
24. Dijk TA van., Kintsch W. Strategies of Discourse Comprehension, NY etc.: Academic Press, 1983. 418 p.
25. Goffman E. Interaction Ritual. NY 1997. 521 p.
26. Halliday MAC. Language as code and language as behavior: A systemic-functional interpretation of the nature and ontogenesis of dialogue In. RP London, 1984. 296 p.
27. Popova TG. Kulturnye i kognitivno-semanticeskie zakonomernosti perevoda // Rijek (asopis za filologiju), Rijeka (Croatia), 2009., god. 15., sv. 1. – 3. Str. 86-96.
28. Popova TG. Metaphor as a mental and language mechanism // Cross-cultural communication and translation questions // Language, Literature and Culture as Domains of Intercultural Communication. Prague, Czech Republic, 2015. p. 174-178.
29. Popova T.G., Knyazeva Ye.G. Conceptual metaphor as a conceptual domain // Actual problems of linguistics and methods of foreign language teaching. Lipetsk, 2018. p. 26-32.
30. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's interview with RT. URL: https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1805134/ (Accessed April 22, 2022). Text: electronic

References

10. Bahtin MM. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. Moscow: Art, 1979. 424 p.
11. Brajant J., Thompson S. Osnovy vozdejstvija SMI [Fundamentals of media impact] // Per. s engl. VV Kuleby, Ja.A. Lebedenko. M.: Vil'jams, 2004. 425 s.
12. Knjazeva EG. Communicative speech unit and anticipation // Language as a systemic reality in the socio-cultural and communicative dimensions: Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific Conference on Current Issues in the Theory of Language and Communication (Moscow, June 27, 2014). Moscow: International Relations, 2014. pp. 609–613.
13. Knjazeva EG. Expression of subjective modality in the speech of a communicant // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. Vol. 23. No. 4. 2017. Pp. 189-192.
14. Knjazeva EG. The structural world of speech communication. M.1999. 186 p.
15. Kuvakova IM, Ustinkin SV. Jazyk kak institut i instrument umo- i samostroenija budushhego mira [Language as an institution and an instrument of the mind and self-building of the future world] // Vlast'. 2018. T. 26. No. 7. S. 173-182.
16. Leont'ev AA. Psycholinguistic units and generation of speech utterance / AA Leont'ev. Izd. Stereotip. M.: KRASAND, 2014. 316 s.
17. Myskin SV. The problem of the «image of the author» in professional texts // Questions of psycholingvistics. Moscow: NOU VPO MIL, 2015. No. 23. P. 20-32.
18. Myskin SV. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the theory of linguistic professional personality // Vestnik RUDN: Teorija jazyka. Semiotika. Semantika. M.: RUDN, 2015. No. 1. P. 62-75.
19. Myskin SV. Prospects for the development of organizational psycholinguistics // Life of language in culture and society-5. Conference materials. Moscow, 2015 / Ed. board: EF Tarasov (responsible ed.), NV Ufimtseva, VP Sinjachkin et al., Moscow: Kancler Publishing House, 2015. pp. 61-64.
20. Myskin SV, Ovcharenko L.Ju. Methodological substantiation of the model of psychologically safe educational space // Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: Poznanie, Moscow: Scientific technologies, 2017. No. 3-4. P. 40-47.
21. Myskin SV, Kharlamova SG. Specifics of the organization of career guidance and professional adaptation of persons with severe psychophysical disorders in the conditions of an educational organization // Psihologija. Historical and critical reviews and modern research. Moscow region, Noginsk: Publishing House "Analitika Rodis", 2017. Vol. 6. No. 3A. Pp. 15-26.
22. Novikov AI. Semantika teksta i ee formalizacija [Text semantics and its formalization]. M.: Nauka, 1983. 216 s.
23. Pochepcov GG. Teorija kommunikacii [Theory of communication] / GG Pochepcov. M.: Refl-buk: Vakler, 2001. 651 s.
24. Popova TG. National-cultural semantics of language and cognitive-sociocommunicative aspects (based on the material of English, German and Russian): Monograph: Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow State Regional University. Moscow, 2003. 178 p.
25. Popova TG, Bokova Ju.S. The category «value’ as an essential characteristic of language. Bulletin of South Ural State University. Series: Lingvistika, 2012. No. 2 (261). P. 72-82.
26. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 400 of July 2, 2021. [Electronic resource] // Official internet portal of legal information http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/ [The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 400 of July 2, 2021. No. 400. (National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Approved with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 2 July 2021 No. 400. Retrieved from http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/ (In Russian)].
27. Savruckaja EP, Ustinkin SV. Language in the preservation of historical memory // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after N.A. Dobroljubov. Special issue. N. Novgorod: NGLU, 2020. Pp.
28. Tarasov EF. Problems of the theory of speech communication // Voprosy psiholingvistiki, 2010. No. 2(12). P. 20-26.
29. Tarasov EF. Universal values and their place in language teaching // The pedagogical heritage of the peoples of Siberia and Central Asia in the modern socio-cultural space (IV Volkov Readings): Proc. of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation (Ulan-Ude. June 23-26, 2011) / scientific ed. SV Kalmykov. Ulan-Ude, 2011. 290 p.
30. Tarasov EF The problem of analyzing the content of universal values (project) // Questions of Psycholinguistics. No. 1(15). M., 2012. P. 9-17.
31. Tarasov EF. Activity ontology and epistemology of understanding in speech communication // Understanding in communication. A person in the information space: a collection of scientific papers. Jaroslavl-Moscow: Jaroslavl State Pedagogical University. 2012. Vol. 2. Pp. 273-278.
32. Ustinkin SV, Kuvakova IM. Linguistic security of Russia and DAS – remote alternative services in education // Bulletin of the N.A. Dobroljubov Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. Special issue. N. Novgorod: NGLU, 2020. pp. 111-126.
33. Dijk TA van., Kintsch W. Strategies of Discourse Comprehension [Strategies for understanding discourse], NY etc.: Academic Press, 1983. 418 p.
34. Goffman E. Interaction Ritual [The ritual of interaction]. NY 1997. 521 p.
35. Halliday MAC. Language as code and language as behavior: A systemic-functional interpretation of the nature and ontogenesis of dialogue In. RP London, 1984. 296 p.
36. Popova TG. Kulturnye i kognitivno-semantiseskie zakonomernosti perevoda [Cultural and cognitive-semantic patterns of translation] // Rijek (asopis za filologiju). Rijeka (Croatia), 2009., god. 15., sv. 1. 3. Str. 86-96.
37. Popova TG. Metaphor as a mental and language mechanism [Metaphor as a mental and linguistic mechanism] // Cross-cultural communication and translation questions // Language, Literature and Culture as Domains of Intercultural Communication. Prague, Czech Republic, 2015. p. 174-178.
38. Popova TG, Knyazeva Ye.G. Conceptual metaphor as a conceptual domain [Conceptual metaphor as a conceptual field] // Actual problems of linguistics and methods of foreign language teaching. Lipetsk, 2018. p. 26-32.
39. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's interview with RT. URL: https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1805134/ (data obrashhenija 22.04.2022). Text: jelektronny