CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNOPSYCHOLINGUISTIC IDENTITY BASED ON THE DATA OF AN INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL SYSTEM FOR CONDUCTING ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENTS

Dugarova T.Ts.¹, Dugarov T-Zh.Ts.², Badiev I.V.³

Dugarova T.Ts.

Russian Academy of Education
e-mail: raodugarova@yandex.ru

Dugarov T-Zh.Ts.

Moscow Polytechnic University
e-mail: dugarova@raop.ru

Badiev I.V.

Buryat State University
E-mail: bad.igor@mail.ru

Introduction

Digitalization is actively invading various branches of science through cutting-edge communications, increased computing power, and the development of information systems and services. All of this is creating a vast reservoir of knowledge: big data, neurotechnology and artificial intelligence, distributed ledger systems, robotics components and sensors, wireless communication technologies, and virtual and augmented reality technologies. The concept of digital knowledge reflects the global nature of the movement toward a knowledge society, the essence of which is digital transformation—changes in all institutions and structures of society and their integration into a single ecosystem at the stage of post-industrial development. Such changes "leave their mark on the worldview, thinking, and behavior of the individual, creating a new hybrid."
»human” [3, p. 41]. Interest in identity as an interdisciplinary, multi-paradigmatic problem of modern science is due to globalization and multiculturalism, the variability of social representations and colossal changes in the value system.

Growing computerization worldwide opens up entirely new opportunities for identity researchers to understand and predict human interactions and relationships based on Big Data, leveraging technologies found in computer and natural sciences rather than in established fields of social relations. Digital media, the culture of "instant communication" via email, and social networks utilize specific forms of language, shaping the perception of identity. It is worth agreeing with
R.H. Heiberger, that an interdisciplinary research branch of «computational social science» is being formed with software libraries for the analysis of large networks and large text corpora, with illustration of theoretical concepts and empirical applications leading to an understanding of social processes [21].

The study of ethnopsycholinguistic identity requires approaches that go beyond traditional methods and the updating of tools for processing large data sets that reflect the deep unconscious layers of native speakers' consciousness. The combination of universal and culturally specific knowledge allows us to move from the description of static identity to the modeling of its dynamic construction, revealing the everyday consciousness of language speakers/ethnic groups, cultural codes, and ethnic auto- and heterostereotypes, creating the basis for constructing ethnopsycholinguistic identity. The study of linguistic identity, constructed through language and through increasing computer communication, is becoming mainstream in modern science [19].

Methodology and methods

Ethnopsycholinguistic identity is a dynamic, constructed phenomenon that reflects an individual’s awareness of their belonging to a certain ethnic group, which is mediated by value-based attitudes toward the surrounding realities (the objective world, the natural world, the figurative-symbolic space, the socio-normative space) encoded in language [4]. The relationship between language and identity represents a broad layer of research that examines the «distinguishing function of language [2], which consists in contrasting «us» and «others,” marking social identity (cultural, ethnic, political id.). The literature on the topic of the synergy of language and identity is extensive and diverse due to the integration of disciplines and relevant theoretical and methodological approaches. In particular, “assumptions are made about the possibility of forming a new trend in the study of the dynamics of the development of linguocultural identity in line with the modifications
cognitive-communicative landscape of the national mentality and conceptual sphere» [10, p. 4]. In essence, «we are talking about a new identity not only of the bearer of national linguistic consciousness, but also of the linguist studying this type of consciousness, and formed by the paradigm of transition, distinguished by the meta- and interdisciplinary approaches to the selected objects of research» [10, p. 4].

Growing computer-mediated communication "reflects the demands of the new linguistic consciousness and linguistic competence" [8, p. 7] of representatives of the digital generation, which predetermines the prospects for research strategies for studying virtual identity. With the development of computer technologies, applied linguistic areas of Internet linguistics are developing intensively - computational and corpus linguistics [9]. Most of the promising areas of development of hardware and software for personal computers are associated with providing the user with significant opportunities for using natural language when working with a computer: a language interface, the ability to correct language, various information retrieval systems, etc. [1]. Computational linguistics is considered as a tool for constructing linguistic identity, while the Internet and the web space are considered as a global web corpus of texts [7]. Researchers, discussing the model of linguistic personality based on the use of an electronic linguistic resource, note the difficulties associated with the formalization of the linguacognitive component of the structure of linguistic personality [12].

The so-called conflict-generating reflections of xenophobic sentiments, discrimination, stereotypes, and prejudices against various social groups in language serve as discourse-forming tools for further research in ethnopsycholinguistics. Thus, G. T. Khukhuni cites the fact that "in 2016, the online dictionary Dictionary.com chose the lexeme xenophobia as its word of the year" [13, p. 90], and, as noted by researchers, this word has maintained a high rating in subsequent years.

Let us turn to some modern foreign studies touching upon aspects of ethnopsycholinguistic identity.

In progress Shanette C. Porter The problem of constructing the social identity of a communicator based on his text message is considered [22]. The authors define the features of linguistic intergroup biases in the sphere of speech, characteristic of texts describing in-groups and out-groups. It was revealed that abstract language is used to describe in-group goals of desirable types of behavior, concrete language – to describe types of undesirable behavior, while for the out-group, concrete language is used for group goals of desirable types of behavior and abstract language for undesirable behavior. In other words, it is possible to speak about different types of linguistic identity of a communicator based on the definition of features of linguistic intergroup biases when describing intra-group and out-group goals.

1. Medeiros, examining the reasons for accepting a certain level of conflict intensity, argues that linguistic vitality and the social health of a language influence the intensity of ethnic conflicts [20]. The article presents a theoretical model according to which low and high levels of linguistic vitality are associated with lower conflict intensity, compared to moderate levels of vitality. The results of multilevel modeling support this hypothesis regarding ethnic tensions at the language level in the general context.

In an article by F. Thuesen, based on interview materials, the influence of language on the formation of social identity and social capital (trust and reciprocity, essential for social relations in the workplace) is examined [24]. A multicultural environment provides a space for building social relationships that connect different social groups, and therefore it is important to identify how linguistic diversity influences the formation of social capital. The influence of language on the social capital of low-skilled workers, taking into account ethnic diversity, has received limited research attention to date. The paper demonstrates how linguistic barriers—different levels of language proficiency and associated problems—give rise to mistrust and hostility. At the same time, collaborative communication can provide linguistic bridges for the formation of social capital and the construction of an adequate identity.

A. Smirnov's study examines the psychological role of language in ethnolinguistic conflicts in the context of political rivalry with linguistic ideology [23]. Language choice is determined by linguistic or political identity: a person may prefer those who use a language associated with their political views or their ethnic group affiliation.

HW Haller, noting the historicity of the study of linguistic consciousness, points to discussions regarding the fullness and form of language and dialect use in geographic and social space, the stylistic choice of language and dialects, and the content and quality of individual perceptions of linguistic practice and the history of language [16]. The author analyzes essays—linguistic autobiographies written by students at Italian universities—which generally reflect ideas about the evolution of ethnolinguistic identity among young people and the continued viability of Italian dialects in Italian society. The essays examine changes in linguistic behavior, values, and attitudes throughout childhood and adulthood.

A contribution to the problem of studying the relationship between language and identity is made by a review of research in the field of psycholinguistics related to the recognition of symbols and words characteristic of a certain
mentality [16]. The content includes information on the influence of the number of strokes, the number and arrangement of the outlines on character recognition, as well as the word superiority effect and the neighborhood effect observed in character recognition.

GR Hovhannisyan's methodology emerged from a series of the author's studies devoted to the linguistic categorization of emotions, language acquisition and bilingual identity, and the foundations of cultural studies in language education [18]. The author raises the problem of the development of ethnopsycholinguistic identity, associated with both socio-cognitive, pragmatic and ethical aspects, and with the problems of historical, social and cultural differences in psychology and worldview: ways of rationalizing perception, knowledge structures, attitudes and the choice of ways to express these feelings and beliefs. Considering these problems within the framework of the psycholinguistic paradigm, the study proposes a set of interconnected approaches and actions, including: a systems approach to the formation of intercultural competencies; the implementation of a psycholinguistic approach in teaching and education, which brings to the forefront the linguistic personality of the learner; support for programs with components of ethnolinguistic intercultural learning.

Identity construction based on the use of natural text data on the Internet helps to identify similarities and differences between the collective self-representations of real-world groups [15]. The authors use machine learning algorithms to estimate the similarity of the linguistic style of fifteen different online groups, and then multidimensional scaling to display the groups in a two-dimensional space
(N=1,779,098 Reddit comments). The authors then use agglomeration and clustering methods (k-means) to assess the specificity of the 15 groups' aggregations and identify four distinct types of groups: professional, collective action groups (including political and ethnic/religious identity), relationship groups, and stigma groups.

Study

To construct the ethnopsycholinguistic identity of a native speaker of the Buryat language, we turn to data from an associative experiment conducted within an information-analytics system. Associative experiments are used to study subjective semantic fields, as a way to identify the specific ways in which ideas about a given phenomenon or object of reality are reflected in the everyday consciousness of native speakers. Associative experiments have been used since the early 20th century (C.G. Jung, A.R. Luria, A.A. Zalevskaya, and others). Processing the associative connections of a word as a linguistic unit makes it possible to discover deep, unreflected components of identity, the specific internal structure of linguistic consciousness, and the underlying model of connections and relationships that develops in a person through speech and thought, underpinning the "cognitive organization" of their multifaceted experience and linguistic consciousness. Associative chains reflect the process of constructing identity as a narrative, constantly created and recreated in communication.

We used a bilingual information-analytical system for identifying a set of universal and culturally specific knowledge through verbal representations reflected in the associative meanings of words in the national language. The information system consists of three components: 1. The associative experiment website, which serves as a web interface for the researcher and respondent; 2. Application software for survey and data processing; 3. A database and its possible presentation forms, including a translated Russian-Buryat associative dictionary. An information-analytical system for conducting associative experiments using the Buryat language provides access to an associative thesaurus as a fundamentally new object of interdisciplinary research—cognitive linguistics, computational linguistics, cognitive psychology, linguistics, semiotics, psychology, cultural studies, and sociology—allowing for the analysis of the relationship between language and culture and the role of language in the process of identity formation. The study of the processes of formation and functioning of linguistic consciousness, the exploration of the deep structures of the interaction between language and thought, and the reconstruction of personal and cultural meanings that shape individuals' worldviews have been developed at the Moscow psycholinguistic school.[1]. One of the central ideas of modeling linguistic consciousness, which has received theoretical and practical implementation, is the «idea of constructing a cognizer» – a semiotic machine (automaton), as an infocognitive computer system/technology that implements possible models of operational relationships existing in the consciousness of a native speaker of a cultural language, between linguistic units that are recorded in various associative and cognitive experiments» [11, p. 54].

The study involved students of Buryat nationality from Buryat State University, aged 17–20. The website buropros.ru/site.html was used to collect empirical data, where respondents were asked 105 questions for an association experiment.
stimulus words. The experiment demonstrated that the created model is an effective cognitive tool for constructing ethnopsycholinguistic identity based on associative experiment data. The quantitative stage of the analysis included: calculating response frequencies; constructing associative fields (semantic networks); calculating association strength coefficients (Jaccard index); and semantic analysis (assessing the tonality and emotional coloring of responses). The algorithm for constructing ethnopsycholinguistic identity based on data from the information-analytical system included the following steps:

1. Formation of associative portraits of key concepts.
2. Construction of the core and periphery of the associative field for each
   stimulus words.
3. Identification of latent constructs.
4. Analysis of semantic relationships between responses (cluster analysis, neighborhood analysis). Interpretation of clusters as identity constructs.
5. Identifying key differences that shape the boundaries of «Ours» vs. «Other.».

The substantive components of constructing ethnopsycholinguistic identity are the following elements: linguistic, intellectual and creative, and personal. To determine the linguistic component of ethnopsycholinguistic identity, a comparative analysis of the Russian-Buryat associative dictionary was conducted. Further, an analysis of reactions was conducted according to three criteria: uniqueness of reactions; number of reactions; and absence of reactions. For uniqueness of reactions, the range should be noted from 20–25% new and original reaction words. The number of reactions is determined by the quality of the stimulus word.
(familiar/unfamiliar word, concrete/abstract word). The absence of reactions is observed in relation to rarely used words. The associations of the subjects follow two main paths: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. The predominance of syntagmatic associations indicates the poverty of the vocabulary of native Buryat speakers (at the next stage of the study, it may be necessary to present words in Russian). Some stimulus words were translated by the subjects into Russian. A characteristic feature of the representatives of the linguistic consciousness of the Buryats is "the preservation of the national linguistic code/mentality with some limitation of reaction words, distortion and absence of reactions, which testifies to the state of the Buryat language, included by UNESCO in the list of endangered languages of the world" [6, p. 7].

The intellectual and creative component of identity conveys the subjects' experience of relationships with various aspects of the surrounding world and with themselves, which can be analyzed by the originality of their reactions. Phenomena of the linguistic realities of Buryat ethnic self-awareness (associative chains, cultural concepts) are examined in the context of the conditions of personal development and existence: 1 – the material world, 2 – the natural world, 3 – realities
figurative-sign systems and 4 – realities of the socio-normative space [5].

The personal component of ethnopsycholinguistic identity is expressed through narratives that convey essential characteristics and feelings of one's "I," the definition of social roles, and alignment with the values of traditional Buryat society. The conceptosphere, a field actively developing through the use of associative experiments, explores the phenomena of the mental world, the totality of value relationships of an ethnic group's representatives and their culture, embodied in minimal units—concepts. According to G.G. Shpet, "it is not so much the cultural and historical content of a people's life that is psychologically significant, but rather their attitude toward cultural products and the meaning of cultural phenomena. Researchers should pay special attention to their attitude toward language, myths, customs, and religion, since "nowhere is the psychology of a people so clearly reflected as in its attitude toward the spiritual values it has 'created'" [14, p. 111].

Conclusions

The results of the association experiment provide insight into the linguistic consciousness characteristic of the subjects: the dynamics and tensions of youth identity development in the context of the confluence of the "world of tradition and the world of innovation." The experiment's results provide insight into the Buryat mentality, revealing key ethnic concepts. Based on the association responses, it is possible to predict the development of the linguistic consciousness of those Buryats who will shape the linguistic, spiritual, and material life of our society over the next 30 years.

The following research problems are in the plan for further study of the data of the information-analytical system: a) comparison of associative fields in the age aspect; b) determination of the parameters of the emergence of conflicts of associative fields; c) determination of the developmental potential of associative fields.

The development of a programmable computer system to support empirical and theoretical research into the linguistic consciousness of native speakers of the Buryat linguistic culture and computer modeling of the mechanisms of Buryat linguistic consciousness appears promising. This approach addresses a fundamental problem related to several related scientific disciplines (cognitive linguistics, computational linguistics, cognitive psychology, and psycholinguistics)—the typology of knowledge, its volume, quality, and its application within the context of Buryat linguistic identity. The function of identity—the ability to regulate behavior in accordance with external conditions—relevantly informs research on aspects of recognizing conflict-generating and developing the individual's potential in the changing conditions of the modern world.

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19. Medeiros M. (2015). The language of conflict: The relationship between linguistic vitality and conflict intensity Ethnicities, vol. 17, 5: pp. 627-645. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796815608878
20. Raphael H. Heiberger, Jan R. (2016). Riebling Installing computational social science: Facing the challenges of new information and communication technologies in social science Methodological Innovations. Volume 9: 1–11 https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799115622763
21. Shanette C. Porter1, Michelle Rheinschmidt-Same, Jennifer A. Richeson (2015). Inferring Identity From Language: Linguistic Intergroup Bias Informs Social Categorization Psychological Science, vol. 27, 1: pp. 94-102. First Published December 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615612202
22. Smirnova An, Rumen Iliev (2016). Political and Linguistic Identities in an Ethnic Conflict Journal of Language and Social Psychology, vol. 36, 2: pp. 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X16643559
23. Thuesen F. (2016). Linguistic barriers and bridges: constructing social capital in ethnically diverse low-skill workplaces Work, Employment and Society, vol. 31, 6: pp. 937-953. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016656321

[1] In Russia, the center of psycholinguistic science has long been the Psycholinguistics and Mass Communication Theory Sector at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IL RAS). Its organizer and director (until 1975) was A. A. Leontiev.