MICROTEXTS OF VARIOUS DISCOURSES

Bashkatova N.V.

State University of Education
Mytishchi, Russia
e-mail: natali.bash.nb@gmail.com

Until now, in the theory of language there are no canonical linguistic terms defining such predicates as: «discourse», «text».

«Text as a linguistic phenomenon is highly multifaceted, and this determines the multiplicity of its definitions […] many researchers have become convinced that the concept of «sentence» is heavily loaded, which is why new directions of research have emerged: first, text, and then discourse» [16, pp. 12-14].

«Text is an extremely complex, multi-level, multi-dimensional and, in a certain sense, chaotic object […] only the generative model «meaning – text» has theoretical significance…» [7, p. 254].

The use of statistical counting for the quantitative study of text and its constituent units is a common scientific technique of observation and analysis. For example, the length of a text for publication is measured by the number of characters, with or without spaces. Text editors automatically review text based on parameters such as the number of words, characters (with or without spaces), and paragraphs. While mathematical counting of text units is already widely used in applied areas of publication, a similar, generally accepted measurement tool is lacking in theoretical linguistics. Text is most often measured in words and sentences. Traditionally, text is thought of as a web of sentences. In various theoretical works, "text" is defined as a collection of sentences; "text" literally means "fabric, weave, connection" (from the Latin textus – fabric, connection).

Today, text is being integrated into the multimedia space, where words coexist with audio, video, and images. Multimedia imbues text messages with new semantic depth, while the number of words needed to express a thought in this interactivity is rapidly shrinking. Today, users are opting for microtext, often relying solely on headlines, which are becoming increasingly colorful. In 2021, the portal https://buzzsumo.com A study of 100 million articles found that the most popular headlines were those consisting of 11 words and 65 characters. A comparison of the data with 2017 revealed that headlines had shrunk by 4 words and 30 characters over the past few years. Readers demand concise, immediate information [24]. It should be noted that there has always been a need to express ideas concisely and succinctly, according to the minimax principle—minimum words, maximum meaning.

Quantitative study of text by symbols is used in statistics, while clear boundaries between the concepts of "small" or "large" text are not defined, and its minimum and maximum sizes are highly variable. The renowned Soviet linguist I. Galperin called the key feature of a text its volume, believing that the minimum text is a certificate, a telegram, a short newspaper report, a note, a letter, etc., and the maximum text is a novel" [4]. Modern researcher A. Yu. Korbut divided texts into "microtexts" (2-64 words), "minitexts" (65-600 words), "miditexts" (600-3000 words) and "maxitexts" (from 3000 words), commenting that: "A word, as a unit truly constituting a text, is capable, under certain conditions, of being a text (recall the concept of Yu. D. Desheriev "Word-sentence")" [9]. O.I. Tayupova defines the volume of an ultra-short textoid in such a way that it «can be equal to one elementary sentence consisting of one word» [15].

Modern research on the size of text was preceded by M. Bakhtin’s question regarding the boundaries of an utterance using the example of the sound «Ah!», which in certain cases is a dialogue replica and which cannot be divided into sentences, phrases, or syllables [2, pp. 159–206].

The absence of precise terms characterizing microtexts has led to the emergence of occasionalisms (i.e., individual author neologisms), for example, a «dicteme» is called an elementary universal unit, «having a field structure, the core of which is an information component (word, phrase, short phrase)» [21]. Texts of minimal volume are called: «communicate», «textoid», «primitive texts» [8], «super-short» texts and «small-format texts (SFT)» [6], «microtexts» [5], «creolized texts» [14].

Small-format texts represent a very promising object of analysis, since they are visible and observable in the smallest details [10]. Small-format texts are distinguished by a high information concentration […] information compression is one of the methods of increasing the information content of speech units, contributing to the simplification of the text with its subsequent reduction [17].

When analyzing terminological variation in theoretical, applied, and comparative linguistics, we frequently encounter the use of the terms "word" and "sentence" to analyze text length. However, the length of a word and sentence also varies, so the length of an ultra-short text will also vary. The length of a compact text will depend on the minimum number of characters that make up the word: the fewer characters in a word, the shorter the compact text.

Using heuristic methods of text analysis related to the collection and documentation of facts, we will examine the small-format texts of everyday reality, as the exchange of short text messages permeates our lives today. Communication technologies make it possible to instantly exchange brief informational messages, regardless of distance or time.

The meaning of the phrase "text message" in the state standard "Federal Communications" 53801-2010 is explained as: "a short text message is a message consisting of letters or symbols typed in a certain sequence, intended for transmission over a mobile communications network.".

It should be added that a short text message is nothing more than SMS (from the English short message service) is a type of service offered by cellular operators.

It should be mentioned that the connection between text and symbol was encountered earlier, before the period of mass use of cellular communications.

Soviet and Russian literary scholar, cultural scientist and semiotician Yu. M. Lotman believed that: «A symbol, representing a complete text […] The memory of a symbol is always older than the memory of its non-symbolic textual environment» [11, p. 241].

The inductive method of collecting and documenting facts, followed by their generalization and moving from the underlying facts to the essences, allows us to conclude that the concepts of "symbol" and "sign" (as well as the words "text" and "discourse") lack established definitions. Consequently, a universal definition for microtexts is needed.

Referring to the definition of «communicate» as «linguistic utterance, the same as text, discourse», the ultra-short «text» is comparable to a «text message», and its boundaries are not only with sentences, words, but with a sign or symbol.

In the anthology "Semiotics," we find that "a message is the smallest element of language that has an idea or meaning suitable for communication. A message is usually conveyed in the form of a sentence or a conventional sign. A message can also be called a form of information delivery, a set of signs or primary signals containing information" [13].

According to GOST, a text message is the transmission of words and symbols.

Hypothetically, an ultra-short text = textoid = text message = symbol. It is not equal to the sound "Ah!", as in M. Bakhtin, but to just one symbol. We find confirmation of this in the classics in everyday discourse. Once, in correspondence with a publisher, Hugo sent him a "question mark", and the publisher in response sent one symbol - an "exclamation mark". Communication took place, the two people understood each other, V. Hugo's novel "Les Miserables" was published. A simple period can also be a semantic symbol in communication. However, there is a possibility of "the impossibility of comprehending its ultimate, main, fundamental meaning [...] the symbol has plurisignature [18, pp. 98-108]. In principle, anything can be a symbol, as S.S. Averintsev says - "everything in the world is a symbol" [1].

In this study of microtexts, it's impossible not to go beyond the boundaries of theoretical, applied, and comparative linguistics. It becomes necessary to consider text characteristics in related fields, such as semiotics and computer science. Furthermore, the linguistic liminality of text is complemented by multimedia factors: images, sound, and video. Microtexts are not only embedded in contexts, but also imbued with interactivity. Modern multimedia technologies transform microtexts according to their own rules.

Thus, we will examine textoids in conjunction with related fields, using general scientific techniques such as observation and classification. We will examine ultra-short texts of religious discourse using statistical analysis—reviewing with automated character counting. Using a comparative method, we will identify the relationship between mass media and microtexts of religious discourse.

Religious texts possess sacred meaning and knowledge. These texts differ from other texts in that they represent a collection or discussion of beliefs, myths, rules or laws, morals, and spiritual aspirations. Small-format texts of religious discourse include, for example, commandments, vows, maxims, scriptures, covenants, Vedas, and prescriptions.

Ultra-short religious texts are found in various faiths. Let's examine religious textoids, identify the shortest ones, and analyze their integration into popular discourse.

Delphic maxims. 147 aphorisms inscribed on paving stones in the ancient Greek Temple of Apollo at Delphi. There are several theories about the origin of the maxims, including the most famous, "Know thyself." The author of the maxims is unknown; they may have been popular proverbs, or the authorship is attributed to the Seven Sages.

«"The wisdom of the 'seven sages' cannot be attributed to either science or mythology" [19]. Professor M.I. Shakhnovich notes that "the origins of philosophy in Ancient Greece go back to folk sayings," and "the sayings attributed to the seven ancient Greek sages go back to folklore" [20].

Analyzing the Delphic maxims for brevity, it was discovered that almost half of them consist of just two words. Several examples of extremely short maxims are presented in Table 1.   

 

Table 1

Ultra-short maxims

№	Original	English version	Russian version
008.	Σαυτὸν ἴσθι	Be/Know yourself	Know yourself
020.	Φιλίαν ἀγάπα	Love friendship	Love friendship
024.	Καλὸν εὖ λέγε	Praise the good	Praise the good
031.	Κακίας ἀπέχου	Shun evil 8	Avoid evil
045.	Ἔχων χαρίζου	Give what you have	Having - giving

055.	Λαβὼν ἀπόδος	Give back what you have received	Once you receive, give back.
065.	Ἀγαθοὺς τίμα	Honor good men	Honor the good
098.	Ἀποκρίνου ἐν καιρῷ	Give a timely response	Answer on time
116.	Ἀπέχθειαν φεῦγε	Flee enmity	Avoid hostility
126.	Πρεσβύτερον αἰδοῦ	Respect the elder	Respect your elders
127.	Νεώτερον δίδασκε	Teach a youngster	Teach the younger ones

Only 8 characters were needed to write the super-short maxims; the statistical data are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Number of characters

Language	Saying	Characters without spaces, pcs.
original	Σαυτὸν ἴσθι	10
English	Shun evil	8
Russian	Know yourself	8

Thus, the shortest expression, "Know yourself," also commonly known as "Know yourself," consists of just eight characters of the Russian alphabet and two words. Is this statement a text? If we apply the proposed analytical model, where text equals text message, then this would be an ultra-short statement, which is relevant today in the mass media space. The expression "Know yourself" would serve as a telling headline or image caption in a modern news story. It is brief, informative, and clickable, applicable to any context. These statements contain maximum meaning and a minimum of words. This ancient principle of constructing ultra-short texts is the quintessence of modern principles. Today, a successful media message must meet the minimax requirement: minimum words – maximum information. Furthermore, the author of the "minimax" formulation, Yu. Bernadskaya, identifies several stylistic principles that media texts must additionally adhere to: brevity, concreteness and precision, consistency, persuasiveness, simplicity and clarity, originality, and expressiveness. Moreover, it is best to convey the main idea in the message title [3]. Analyzing the headlines of mass media discourse in 2022 for the use of the Delphic maxim, the following reminiscences (i.e., echoes, recollections) of the "Know Yourself" microtext were encountered for the titles of events and activities [22]:

• Know yourself - know the world
• Know yourself and your capabilities
• Know yourself - gain confidence
• Know yourself, psychology is playful
• Know yourself, believe in yourself
• Know yourself and help yourself
• Know yourself and those around you
• Know yourself and others
• Get to know yourself and discover new skills in the atmosphere of real mountains
• Know yourself and be successful
• Get to know yourself at the GTO
• Know yourself - it's simple
• Know yourself
• Know yourself and you will know God
• Know yourself and choose a profession
• Know yourself - you will know another
• Know yourself through art
• Know yourself and know your limits

The Ten Commandments. Religious and moral precepts, or commandments, form the foundation of many religions and represent brief instructions from God. The Ten Commandments of God's Law were given to Moses on Mount Sinai in the presence of the Children of Israel. The event when God gave Moses the Ten Commandments is described in the Bible. The list of rules contained in the Ten Commandments differs slightly in the Jewish and Christian traditions. However, the text in the Synodal Translation of the Bible and Martin Luther's Shorter Catechism are also similar. The shortest sayings consist of a single word and a particle.

• Do not steal
• Do not kill
• Do not commit adultery

If we measure the sayings written in Cyrillic in symbols, then the shortest, consisting of 7 characters, is the statement «do not steal.».

«"Truly, this law is brief, but these commandments say a lot to anyone who knows how to think and who seeks the salvation of his soul" - an edifying interpretation of the commandments by an unknown author, which was found in open sources of information.

In a study of the 613 commandments, the main religious prescriptions (mitzvah) in Judaism, the briefest theses of this collection were revealed.

Prescriptive commandments:

3 Love Him (Deuteronomy 6:5)

4 Fear Him (Deut. 6:13)

5 Serve Him (Exodus 23:25, Deuteronomy 11:13, 13:5)

21 Honor the Temple (Vaik. 19:30)

22 Guard the Temple (Bem. 18:2)

154 Resting on Shabbat (Shemot 23:12)

210 Shemot 20:12 Respect your parents

 

Prohibitory commandments:

5 Shemot 20:4 Do not worship idols

27 Deuteronomy 18:20 Do not prophesy falsely

31 Doors 18:10 Do not cast a spell

62 Shemot 20:6 Do not swear in vain

245 Vaik. 19:13 Do not rob

285 Shemot 20:16; Deuteronomy 5:17 Do not bear false witness

The most short Cyrillic texts among the samples presented are single-word sayings (with the particle "not"). The prohibitive commandment "not to rob" consists of nine characters and one word.

One of the most concise sayings, "Thou shalt not steal" or "Thou shalt not rob," is a prohibitive commandment for the righteous in various religions. The verb-word of a religious microtext, consisting of seven characters, contains the maximum amount of information. Fragments of the microtext "Thou shalt not steal" as an allusion to the biblical commandment were used in mass media headlines:

• The St. Petersburg Diocese was reminded of the "Thou shalt not steal" rule and awarded 100,000 rubles. // 47 Novosti, September 1, 2022
• Thou shalt not steal! // Uryupinskaya Pravda, 08.2022
• The main thing, having escaped from the "Matrix," is not to end up in the "brave new world." "Thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not steal." // Moskovsky Komsomolets Kavkaz, July 29, 2022
• «"Thou shalt not steal." Copyright activists sue the creator of Barnaul22 // Tolk. June 10, 2022
• Thou shalt not steal: A Yaroslavl woman violated one of the main commandments right in church. // Moskovsky Komsomolets Yaroslavl, February 12, 2022
• Thou shalt not steal: In the Rostov region, a girl stole a parishioner's smartphone during a church service// KP - Yaroslavl, February 11, 2022
• Thou shalt not steal. Why the court imposed a prison sentence for theft. // Vecherniy Magadan. December 9, 2021
• "Thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not tempt" – a new stage in the fight against corruption. // RIA Novosti. March 25, 2021
• «"Don't sell, don't steal, and help someone." // Capital Television, March 1, 2021

Contracture. The next ultra-short textoid of religious discourse to be studied is contracture. Contracture comes from the Latin contractura, which translates as "contraction" and denotes "abbreviated spelling of a word." Initially, this technique was used to abbreviate the "Sacred Names" in Ancient Greece. The contracture method is found in icon painting, where well-known words are abbreviated. Abbreviations or abbreviations were used in cursive writing and shorthand, for example: "etc." (and the rest). Later, text acronyms found wide application in jurisprudence and medicine. Today, the contracture method is used by the Russian Orthodox Church in liturgical texts. Inscriptions can be written in either Church Slavonic or Greek [12]. Let us analyze some ultra-short contractures; see Table 3.

Table 3

Biblical abbreviations

Contracture	Explanation	Number of signs in contracture, pcs.
Theos	God (Greek)	4
Bg	God	3
Where	Lord	3
MN BZhN	Mother of God	5
B. M.	Mother of God	2
Bca	Mother of God	2
P.B.	Holy Mother of God	2
IC XC or ΙΣ ΧΣ	abbreviated spelling of the Greek name Ιησους Χριστος	4
HV	Christ is Risen	2

The abbreviation "ХВ" is a symbol of the Easter holiday. This extremely short text, consisting of two characters, is ubiquitous during Easter, becoming a staple of mass media discourse. It is widely used on culinary products, packaging, in advertising and informational messages, and in multimedia correspondence between native instant messaging systems. The abbreviation "ХВ" is revealed in a contextual mini-dialogue. Easter greetings are heard everywhere:

- Christ is risen!

- Truly He is risen!

The ultra-short dialogue concludes with three symbolic kisses. According to a study by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences [23], approximately 701,000 Russians identify as Orthodox believers, adhere to established traditions, and celebrate Christian holidays, and therefore, perform the ultra-short dialogue once a year during Easter. This short text, consisting of two symbols of religious dialogue, has been popularized in the mass media.

Idioms

Biblical phrases and expressions.

Idioms of biblical discourse are widely encountered in the modern world. These set expressions, derived from sacred texts, have been replicated in literary, colloquial, and journalistic genres. Let's look at some of them, presented in Table 4.

 

Table 4

Idioms

Idiom	Explanation	Statistics, pcs.
A lie for the sake of salvation	A lie justified by good intentions	2 words, 14 characters
Sins of youth	The mistakes and misconceptions of youth. It comes from the Bible: "Remember not the sins of my youth, nor the transgressions of my youth, O Lord!" (Psalm 24:7)	2 words, 14 characters
Adam's rib	Woman. Originated from the Bible: «The Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam; and while he slept, He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh in its place. Then the rib which the Lord God had taken from Adam He made into a woman and brought her to the man (Gen. 2:21, 21-22).	2 words, 12 characters
Dove of peace	A symbol of the Almighty and reconciliation. After the flood, Noah released a dove from the ark. "And the dove came to him at evening, and behold, a new olive leaf was in its mouth. And Noah knew that the waters had subsided from the earth" (Genesis 8:11). This effectively signified the end of divine punishment.	2 words, 10 characters
Vanity of vanities	It signifies worldly, insignificant values, as opposed to true eternal aspirations In the Bible: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity!" (Ecclesiastes 1:2). He planted himself vineyards, made himself cisterns, acquired himself herds and flocks, gathered together for himself silver and gold, acquired for himself singers and female singers: and behold, all is vanity and vexation of spirit (Ecclesiastes 2:4-8, 11).	2 words, 9 characters

Calvary

According to the New Testament, Jesus Christ was crucified on a small rock called Golgotha. Golgotha symbolizes the clash of the forces of Good and Evil, light and darkness, life and death. «A place called Golgotha, which is translated, The Place of a Skull» (Matt. 27:33) «And He, bearing His cross, went out to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Hebrew is Golgotha…» (John 19:17)

1 word, 7 characters

Textual analysis of mass media discourse using an Internet resource https://processing.ruscorpora.ru/ The Russian National Corpus yielded the following results. Among 2,660,026 documents and 765,546,444 words, the idiom "white lie" (literally, "lie for salvation") appeared in 47 documents, with 51 occurrences. Standalone headlines with the super-short text "Lie for salvation" (literally, "lie for salvation") appeared in two instances:

• British schoolchildren are rewarded for telling small lies // Vesti.ru, 2012.11.26
• A White Lie? // Arguments and Facts, March 20, 2000

The National Corpus of the Russian Language allows us to analyze nearly 4.5 million Russian texts totaling over 1.5 billion words. This includes prose and poetry, newspapers and magazines, science and technology, diaries and blogs. It also provides precise statistics on Russian words, including their origins. The diversity of Russian languages: modern and archaic, literary and dialectal, written and spoken.

When analyzing the ultra-short idiom "Golgotha," consisting of only 7 characters, the search results in the newspaper corpus covered a volume of 2,660,026 documents and 765,546,444 words. Found: 122 documents, 140 occurrences. The ultra-short idiom-word was incorporated into more common independent sentence headings, for example:

• The presentation of the five-volume edition of «Peasant Golgotha» took place in Omsk // Vesti.ru, 2015.06.02
• «"Russian Golgotha": The memory of the Imperial Army Cossacks was honored on Lemnos // Vesti.ru, 2010.07.22
• Gulrukhsor Safieva. Golgotha and the altar // Literary newspaper, 1997.09.10
• Art took the Bethlehem-Golgotha route // Kommersant, 2001.12.24

Conclusions

Social changes in modern society are also driving changes in the field of text analysis. Criteria for analyzing "short" and "long" texts are evolving depending on the text's category and style. Text creation is primarily based on the principle of the "goal and objective" of the message. Who is it addressed to, and what should it encourage the user to do? Ultra-short texts in multimedia environments not only imply familiarization with information but also presuppose a reader's reaction—a "click." Chekhov's century-old aphorism, "brevity is the sister of wit," is more relevant than ever in an age of information overload. Informative, compact texts today include short headlines and slogans, consisting of a minimum of words but containing maximum meaning. Moreover, the message to the audience can be formed by a set of symbols and signs.

This study is an experiment in searching for microtexts of religious discourse and analyzing their use in mass media.

Approaches to the process of text analysis based on the following criteria are defined: number of words, number of characters in a message.

It has been established that the process of text analysis is oriented not only towards existing and known criteria, but also largely requires the development of new approaches to systematization.

Prospects for further research include contextual analysis of microtexts in other types of discourse and further systematization of data.

It should be noted that linguistics has been significantly transformed by scientific and technological progress. Text volume is measured by automated services. Text consists of symbols, letters, words, and sentences. A message is formed not only by letters but also by numbers, punctuation marks (periods, dashes), special characters, and spaces between characters. An extremely short text can be measured in symbols, and this symbol can be a simple period. This symbol conceals an infinite potential for meaning, a multiplicity of meanings; the important thing is to grasp its "ultimate, primary, fundamental meaning.".

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